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guotianyun-sp-yh
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guotianyun-s...
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user_guide
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general
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controllers.html

controllers.html 58 KB
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  1. 

  2. 

  3. <!DOCTYPE html>
    4. 

  4. <!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
    5. 

  5. <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
    6. 

  6. <head>
    7. 

  7.   <meta charset="utf-8">
    8. 

  8.   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    9. 

  9.   
    10. 

  10.   <title>Controllers &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation</title>
    11. 

  11.   
    12. 

  12. 

  13.   
    14. 

  14.   
    15. 

  15.     <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
    16. 

  16.   
    17. 

  17. 

  18.   
    19. 

  19.   <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
    20. 

  20. 

  21.   
    22. 

  22.   
    23. 

  23.     
    24. 

  24. 

  25.   
    26. 

  26. 

  27.   
    28. 

  28.   
    29. 

  29.     <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
    30. 

  30.   
    31. 

  31. 

  32.   
    33. 

  33.         <link rel="index" title="Index"
    34. 

  34.               href="../genindex.html"/>
    35. 

  35.         <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
    36. 

  36.     <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
    37. 

  37.         <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
    38. 

  38.         <link rel="next" title="Reserved Names" href="reserved_names.html"/>
    39. 

  39.         <link rel="prev" title="CodeIgniter URLs" href="urls.html"/> 
    40. 

  40. 

  41.   
    42. 

  42.   <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
    43. 

  43. 

  44. </head>
    45. 

  45. 

  46. <body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
    47. 

  47. 

  48.   <div id="nav">
    49. 

  49.   <div id="nav_inner">
    50. 

  50.     
    51. 

  51.     
    52. 

  52.     
    53. 

  53.       <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
    54. 

  54.         <ul>
    55. 

  55. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
    56. 

  56. </ul>
    57. 

  57. <ul>
    58. 

  58. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
    59. 

  59. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
    60. 

  60. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
    61. 

  61. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
    62. 

  62. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
    63. 

  63. </ul>
    64. 

  64. </li>
    65. 

  65. </ul>
    66. 

  66. <ul>
    67. 

  67. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
    68. 

  68. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
    69. 

  69. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
    70. 

  70. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
    71. 

  71. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
    72. 

  72. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
    73. 

  73. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
    74. 

  74. </ul>
    75. 

  75. </li>
    76. 

  76. </ul>
    77. 

  77. <ul>
    78. 

  78. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
    79. 

  79. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
    80. 

  80. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
    81. 

  81. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
    82. 

  82. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
    83. 

  83. </ul>
    84. 

  84. </li>
    85. 

  85. </ul>
    86. 

  86. <ul>
    87. 

  87. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
    88. 

  88. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
    89. 

  89. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
    90. 

  90. </ul>
    91. 

  91. </li>
    92. 

  92. </ul>
    93. 

  93. <ul class="current">
    94. 

  94. <li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
    95. 

  95. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
    96. 

  96. <li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Controllers</a></li>
    97. 

  97. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
    98. 

  98. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
    99. 

  99. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
    100. 

  100. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
    101. 

  101. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
    102. 

  102. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
    103. 

  103. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
    104. 

  104. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
    105. 

  105. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
    106. 

  106. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
    107. 

  107. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
    108. 

  108. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
    109. 

  109. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
    110. 

  110. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
    111. 

  111. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
    112. 

  112. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
    113. 

  113. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
    114. 

  114. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
    115. 

  115. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
    116. 

  116. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
    117. 

  117. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
    118. 

  118. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
    119. 

  119. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
    120. 

  120. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
    121. 

  121. </ul>
    122. 

  122. </li>
    123. 

  123. </ul>
    124. 

  124. <ul>
    125. 

  125. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
    126. 

  126. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
    127. 

  127. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
    128. 

  128. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
    129. 

  129. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
    130. 

  130. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
    131. 

  131. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
    132. 

  132. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
    133. 

  133. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
    134. 

  134. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
    135. 

  135. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
    136. 

  136. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
    137. 

  137. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
    138. 

  138. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
    139. 

  139. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
    140. 

  140. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
    141. 

  141. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
    142. 

  142. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
    143. 

  143. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
    144. 

  144. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
    145. 

  145. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
    146. 

  146. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
    147. 

  147. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
    148. 

  148. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
    149. 

  149. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
    150. 

  150. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
    151. 

  151. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
    152. 

  152. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
    153. 

  153. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
    154. 

  154. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
    155. 

  155. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
    156. 

  156. </ul>
    157. 

  157. </li>
    158. 

  158. </ul>
    159. 

  159. <ul>
    160. 

  160. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
    161. 

  161. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
    162. 

  162. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
    163. 

  163. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
    164. 

  164. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
    165. 

  165. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
    166. 

  166. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
    167. 

  167. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
    168. 

  168. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
    169. 

  169. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
    170. 

  170. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
    171. 

  171. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
    172. 

  172. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
    173. 

  173. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
    174. 

  174. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
    175. 

  175. </ul>
    176. 

  176. </li>
    177. 

  177. </ul>
    178. 

  178. <ul>
    179. 

  179. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
    180. 

  180. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
    181. 

  181. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
    182. 

  182. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
    183. 

  183. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
    184. 

  184. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
    185. 

  185. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
    186. 

  186. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
    187. 

  187. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
    188. 

  188. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
    189. 

  189. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
    190. 

  190. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
    191. 

  191. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
    192. 

  192. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
    193. 

  193. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
    194. 

  194. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
    195. 

  195. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
    196. 

  196. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
    197. 

  197. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
    198. 

  198. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
    199. 

  199. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
    200. 

  200. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
    201. 

  201. </ul>
    202. 

  202. </li>
    203. 

  203. </ul>
    204. 

  204. 

  205.       </div>
    206. 

  206.     
    207. 

  207.       
    208. 

  208.   </div>
    209. 

  209. </div>
    210. 

  210. <div id="nav2">
    211. 

  211.   <a href="#" id="openToc">
    212. 

  212.     <img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" title="Toggle Table of Contents" alt="Toggle Table of Contents" />
    213. 

  213.   </a>
    214. 

  214. </div>
    215. 

  215. 

  216.   <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
    217. 

  217. 

  218.     
    219. 

  219.     <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
    220. 

  220.       <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
    221. 

  221.         
    222. 

  222.           <a href="../index.html" class="fa fa-home"> CodeIgniter</a>
    223. 

  223.         
    224. 

  224.         
    225. 

  225. <div role="search">
    226. 

  226.   <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
    227. 

  227.     <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
    228. 

  228.     <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
    229. 

  229.     <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
    230. 

  230.   </form>
    231. 

  231. </div>
    232. 

  232.       </div>
    233. 

  233. 

  234.       <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
    235. 

  235.         
    236. 

  236.           
    237. 

  237.           
    238. 

  238.               <ul>
    239. 

  239. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
    240. 

  240. </ul>
    241. 

  241. <ul>
    242. 

  242. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
    243. 

  243. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
    244. 

  244. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
    245. 

  245. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
    246. 

  246. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
    247. 

  247. </ul>
    248. 

  248. </li>
    249. 

  249. </ul>
    250. 

  250. <ul>
    251. 

  251. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
    252. 

  252. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
    253. 

  253. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
    254. 

  254. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
    255. 

  255. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
    256. 

  256. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
    257. 

  257. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
    258. 

  258. </ul>
    259. 

  259. </li>
    260. 

  260. </ul>
    261. 

  261. <ul>
    262. 

  262. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
    263. 

  263. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
    264. 

  264. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
    265. 

  265. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
    266. 

  266. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
    267. 

  267. </ul>
    268. 

  268. </li>
    269. 

  269. </ul>
    270. 

  270. <ul>
    271. 

  271. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
    272. 

  272. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
    273. 

  273. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
    274. 

  274. </ul>
    275. 

  275. </li>
    276. 

  276. </ul>
    277. 

  277. <ul class="current">
    278. 

  278. <li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
    279. 

  279. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
    280. 

  280. <li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Controllers</a></li>
    281. 

  281. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
    282. 

  282. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
    283. 

  283. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
    284. 

  284. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
    285. 

  285. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
    286. 

  286. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
    287. 

  287. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
    288. 

  288. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
    289. 

  289. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
    290. 

  290. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
    291. 

  291. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
    292. 

  292. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
    293. 

  293. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
    294. 

  294. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
    295. 

  295. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
    296. 

  296. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
    297. 

  297. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
    298. 

  298. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
    299. 

  299. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
    300. 

  300. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
    301. 

  301. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
    302. 

  302. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
    303. 

  303. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
    304. 

  304. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
    305. 

  305. </ul>
    306. 

  306. </li>
    307. 

  307. </ul>
    308. 

  308. <ul>
    309. 

  309. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
    310. 

  310. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
    311. 

  311. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
    312. 

  312. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
    313. 

  313. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
    314. 

  314. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
    315. 

  315. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
    316. 

  316. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
    317. 

  317. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
    318. 

  318. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
    319. 

  319. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
    320. 

  320. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
    321. 

  321. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
    322. 

  322. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
    323. 

  323. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
    324. 

  324. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
    325. 

  325. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
    326. 

  326. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
    327. 

  327. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
    328. 

  328. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
    329. 

  329. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
    330. 

  330. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
    331. 

  331. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
    332. 

  332. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
    333. 

  333. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
    334. 

  334. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
    335. 

  335. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
    336. 

  336. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
    337. 

  337. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
    338. 

  338. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
    339. 

  339. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
    340. 

  340. </ul>
    341. 

  341. </li>
    342. 

  342. </ul>
    343. 

  343. <ul>
    344. 

  344. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
    345. 

  345. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
    346. 

  346. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
    347. 

  347. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
    348. 

  348. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
    349. 

  349. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
    350. 

  350. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
    351. 

  351. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
    352. 

  352. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
    353. 

  353. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
    354. 

  354. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
    355. 

  355. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
    356. 

  356. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
    357. 

  357. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
    358. 

  358. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
    359. 

  359. </ul>
    360. 

  360. </li>
    361. 

  361. </ul>
    362. 

  362. <ul>
    363. 

  363. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
    364. 

  364. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
    365. 

  365. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
    366. 

  366. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
    367. 

  367. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
    368. 

  368. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
    369. 

  369. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
    370. 

  370. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
    371. 

  371. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
    372. 

  372. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
    373. 

  373. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
    374. 

  374. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
    375. 

  375. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
    376. 

  376. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
    377. 

  377. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
    378. 

  378. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
    379. 

  379. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
    380. 

  380. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
    381. 

  381. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
    382. 

  382. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
    383. 

  383. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
    384. 

  384. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
    385. 

  385. </ul>
    386. 

  386. </li>
    387. 

  387. </ul>
    388. 

  388. 

  389.           
    390. 

  390.         
    391. 

  391.       </div>
    392. 

  392.       &nbsp;
    393. 

  393.     </nav>
    394. 

  394. 

  395.     <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
    396. 

  396. 

  397.       
    398. 

  398.       <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
    399. 

  399.         <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
    400. 

  400.         <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
    401. 

  401.       </nav>
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    408. 

  408.   <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
    409. 

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  410.       
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  411.         <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
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  423.           <div role="main" class="document">
    424. 

  424.             
    425. 

  425.   <div class="section" id="controllers">
    426. 

  426. <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Controllers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#controllers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
    427. 

  427. <p>Controllers are the heart of your application, as they determine how
    428. 

  428. HTTP requests should be handled.</p>
    429. 

  429. <div class="contents topic" id="page-contents">
    430. 

  430. <p class="topic-title first">Page Contents</p>
    431. 

  431. <ul class="simple">
    432. 

  432. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#controllers" id="id1">Controllers</a><ul>
    433. 

  433. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-a-controller" id="id2">What is a Controller?</a></li>
    434. 

  434. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" id="id3">Let’s try it: Hello World!</a></li>
    435. 

  435. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods" id="id4">Methods</a></li>
    436. 

  436. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods" id="id5">Passing URI Segments to your methods</a></li>
    437. 

  437. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-a-default-controller" id="id6">Defining a Default Controller</a></li>
    438. 

  438. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#remapping-method-calls" id="id7">Remapping Method Calls</a></li>
    439. 

  439. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#processing-output" id="id8">Processing Output</a></li>
    440. 

  440. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#private-methods" id="id9">Private methods</a></li>
    441. 

  441. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories" id="id10">Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories</a></li>
    442. 

  442. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-constructors" id="id11">Class Constructors</a></li>
    443. 

  443. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#reserved-method-names" id="id12">Reserved method names</a></li>
    444. 

  444. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#that-s-it" id="id13">That’s it!</a></li>
    445. 

  445. </ul>
    446. 

  446. </li>
    447. 

  447. </ul>
    448. 

  448. </div>
    449. 

  449. <div class="section" id="what-is-a-controller">
    450. 

  450. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">What is a Controller?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-a-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    451. 

  451. <p><strong>A Controller is simply a class file that is named in a way that can be
    452. 

  452. associated with a URI.</strong></p>
    453. 

  453. <p>Consider this URI:</p>
    454. 

  454. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
    455. 

  455. </pre></div>
    456. 

  456. </div>
    457. 

  457. <p>In the above example, CodeIgniter would attempt to find a controller
    458. 

  458. named Blog.php and load it.</p>
    459. 

  459. <p><strong>When a controller’s name matches the first segment of a URI, it will
    460. 

  460. be loaded.</strong></p>
    461. 

  461. </div>
    462. 

  462. <div class="section" id="let-s-try-it-hello-world">
    463. 

  463. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Let’s try it: Hello World!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    464. 

  464. <p>Let’s create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your
    465. 

  465. text editor, create a file called Blog.php, and put the following code
    466. 

  466. in it:</p>
    467. 

  467. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
    468. 

  468. <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    469. 

  469. 

  470.         <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
    471. 

  471.         <span class="p">{</span>
    472. 

  472.                 <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello World!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
    473. 

  473.         <span class="p">}</span>
    474. 

  474. <span class="p">}</span>
    475. 

  475. </pre></div>
    476. 

  476. </div>
    477. 

  477. <p>Then save the file to your <em>application/controllers/</em> directory.</p>
    478. 

  478. <div class="admonition important">
    479. 

  479. <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
    480. 

  480. <p class="last">The file must be called ‘Blog.php’, with a capital ‘B’.</p>
    481. 

  481. </div>
    482. 

  482. <p>Now visit the your site using a URL similar to this:</p>
    483. 

  483. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
    484. 

  484. </pre></div>
    485. 

  485. </div>
    486. 

  486. <p>If you did it right, you should see:</p>
    487. 

  487. <blockquote>
    488. 

  488. <div>Hello World!</div></blockquote>
    489. 

  489. <div class="admonition important">
    490. 

  490. <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
    491. 

  491. <p class="last">Class names must start with an uppercase letter.</p>
    492. 

  492. </div>
    493. 

  493. <p>This is valid:</p>
    494. 

  494. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
    495. 

  495. <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    496. 

  496. 

  497. <span class="p">}</span>
    498. 

  498. </pre></div>
    499. 

  499. </div>
    500. 

  500. <p>This is <strong>not</strong> valid:</p>
    501. 

  501. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
    502. 

  502. <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    503. 

  503. 

  504. <span class="p">}</span>
    505. 

  505. </pre></div>
    506. 

  506. </div>
    507. 

  507. <p>Also, always make sure your controller extends the parent controller
    508. 

  508. class so that it can inherit all its methods.</p>
    509. 

  509. </div>
    510. 

  510. <div class="section" id="methods">
    511. 

  511. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    512. 

  512. <p>In the above example the method name is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index()</span></code>. The “index” method
    513. 

  513. is always loaded by default if the <strong>second segment</strong> of the URI is
    514. 

  514. empty. Another way to show your “Hello World” message would be this:</p>
    515. 

  515. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">/</span>
    516. 

  516. </pre></div>
    517. 

  517. </div>
    518. 

  518. <p><strong>The second segment of the URI determines which method in the
    519. 

  519. controller gets called.</strong></p>
    520. 

  520. <p>Let’s try it. Add a new method to your controller:</p>
    521. 

  521. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
    522. 

  522. <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    523. 

  523. 

  524.         <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
    525. 

  525.         <span class="p">{</span>
    526. 

  526.                 <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello World!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
    527. 

  527.         <span class="p">}</span>
    528. 

  528. 

  529.         <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">comments</span><span class="p">()</span>
    530. 

  530.         <span class="p">{</span>
    531. 

  531.                 <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Look at this!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
    532. 

  532.         <span class="p">}</span>
    533. 

  533. <span class="p">}</span>
    534. 

  534. </pre></div>
    535. 

  535. </div>
    536. 

  536. <p>Now load the following URL to see the comment method:</p>
    537. 

  537. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">comments</span><span class="o">/</span>
    538. 

  538. </pre></div>
    539. 

  539. </div>
    540. 

  540. <p>You should see your new message.</p>
    541. 

  541. </div>
    542. 

  542. <div class="section" id="passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods">
    543. 

  543. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Passing URI Segments to your methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    544. 

  544. <p>If your URI contains more than two segments they will be passed to your
    545. 

  545. method as parameters.</p>
    546. 

  546. <p>For example, let’s say you have a URI like this:</p>
    547. 

  547. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">sandals</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
    548. 

  548. </pre></div>
    549. 

  549. </div>
    550. 

  550. <p>Your method will be passed URI segments 3 and 4 (“sandals” and “123”):</p>
    551. 

  551. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
    552. 

  552. <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Products</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    553. 

  553. 

  554.         <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">shoes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sandals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">)</span>
    555. 

  555.         <span class="p">{</span>
    556. 

  556.                 <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$sandals</span><span class="p">;</span>
    557. 

  557.                 <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">;</span>
    558. 

  558.         <span class="p">}</span>
    559. 

  559. <span class="p">}</span>
    560. 

  560. </pre></div>
    561. 

  561. </div>
    562. 

  562. <div class="admonition important">
    563. 

  563. <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
    564. 

  564. <p class="last">If you are using the <a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a>
    565. 

  565. feature, the segments passed to your method will be the re-routed
    566. 

  566. ones.</p>
    567. 

  567. </div>
    568. 

  568. </div>
    569. 

  569. <div class="section" id="defining-a-default-controller">
    570. 

  570. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Defining a Default Controller</a><a class="headerlink" href="#defining-a-default-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    571. 

  571. <p>CodeIgniter can be told to load a default controller when a URI is not
    572. 

  572. present, as will be the case when only your site root URL is requested.
    573. 

  573. To specify a default controller, open your <strong>application/config/routes.php</strong>
    574. 

  574. file and set this variable:</p>
    575. 

  575. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
    576. 

  576. </pre></div>
    577. 

  577. </div>
    578. 

  578. <p>Where ‘blog’ is the name of the controller class you want used. If you now
    579. 

  579. load your main index.php file without specifying any URI segments you’ll
    580. 

  580. see your “Hello World” message by default.</p>
    581. 

  581. <p>For more information, please refer to the “Reserved Routes” section of the
    582. 

  582. <a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> documentation.</p>
    583. 

  583. </div>
    584. 

  584. <div class="section" id="remapping-method-calls">
    585. 

  585. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Remapping Method Calls</a><a class="headerlink" href="#remapping-method-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    586. 

  586. <p>As noted above, the second segment of the URI typically determines which
    587. 

  587. method in the controller gets called. CodeIgniter permits you to override
    588. 

  588. this behavior through the use of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> method:</p>
    589. 

  589. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">()</span>
    590. 

  590. <span class="p">{</span>
    591. 

  591.         <span class="c1">// Some code here...</span>
    592. 

  592. <span class="p">}</span>
    593. 

  593. </pre></div>
    594. 

  594. </div>
    595. 

  595. <div class="admonition important">
    596. 

  596. <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
    597. 

  597. <p class="last">If your controller contains a method named _remap(),
    598. 

  598. it will <strong>always</strong> get called regardless of what your URI contains. It
    599. 

  599. overrides the normal behavior in which the URI determines which method
    600. 

  600. is called, allowing you to define your own method routing rules.</p>
    601. 

  601. </div>
    602. 

  602. <p>The overridden method call (typically the second segment of the URI) will
    603. 

  603. be passed as a parameter to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> method:</p>
    604. 

  604. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">)</span>
    605. 

  605. <span class="p">{</span>
    606. 

  606.         <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s1">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    607. 

  607.         <span class="p">{</span>
    608. 

  608.                 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">();</span>
    609. 

  609.         <span class="p">}</span>
    610. 

  610.         <span class="k">else</span>
    611. 

  611.         <span class="p">{</span>
    612. 

  612.                 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">default_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
    613. 

  613.         <span class="p">}</span>
    614. 

  614. <span class="p">}</span>
    615. 

  615. </pre></div>
    616. 

  616. </div>
    617. 

  617. <p>Any extra segments after the method name are passed into <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> as an
    618. 

  618. optional second parameter. This array can be used in combination with
    619. 

  619. PHP’s <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/call_user_func_array">call_user_func_array()</a>
    620. 

  620. to emulate CodeIgniter’s default behavior.</p>
    621. 

  621. <p>Example:</p>
    622. 

  622. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">())</span>
    623. 

  623. <span class="p">{</span>
    624. 

  624.         <span class="nv">$method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;process_&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">;</span>
    625. 

  625.         <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">method_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">))</span>
    626. 

  626.         <span class="p">{</span>
    627. 

  627.                 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">call_user_func_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">);</span>
    628. 

  628.         <span class="p">}</span>
    629. 

  629.         <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
    630. 

  630. <span class="p">}</span>
    631. 

  631. </pre></div>
    632. 

  632. </div>
    633. 

  633. </div>
    634. 

  634. <div class="section" id="processing-output">
    635. 

  635. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Processing Output</a><a class="headerlink" href="#processing-output" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    636. 

  636. <p>CodeIgniter has an output class that takes care of sending your final
    637. 

  637. rendered data to the web browser automatically. More information on this
    638. 

  638. can be found in the <a class="reference internal" href="views.html"><span class="doc">Views</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Class</span></a> pages. In some cases, however, you might want to
    639. 

  639. post-process the finalized data in some way and send it to the browser
    640. 

  640. yourself. CodeIgniter permits you to add a method named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code>
    641. 

  641. to your controller that will receive the finalized output data.</p>
    642. 

  642. <div class="admonition important">
    643. 

  643. <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
    644. 

  644. <p class="last">If your controller contains a method named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code>,
    645. 

  645. it will <strong>always</strong> be called by the output class instead of
    646. 

  646. echoing the finalized data directly. The first parameter of the
    647. 

  647. method will contain the finalized output.</p>
    648. 

  648. </div>
    649. 

  649. <p>Here is an example:</p>
    650. 

  650. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">)</span>
    651. 

  651. <span class="p">{</span>
    652. 

  652.         <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">;</span>
    653. 

  653. <span class="p">}</span>
    654. 

  654. </pre></div>
    655. 

  655. </div>
    656. 

  656. <div class="admonition note">
    657. 

  657. <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
    658. 

  658. <p>Please note that your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code> method will receive the
    659. 

  659. data in its finalized state. Benchmark and memory usage data
    660. 

  660. will be rendered, cache files written (if you have caching
    661. 

  661. enabled), and headers will be sent (if you use that
    662. 

  662. <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">feature</span></a>) before it is handed off
    663. 

  663. to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code> method.
    664. 

  664. To have your controller’s output cached properly, its
    665. 

  665. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code> method can use:</p>
    666. 

  666. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_expiration</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
    667. 

  667. <span class="p">{</span>
    668. 

  668.         <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">_write_cache</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">);</span>
    669. 

  669. <span class="p">}</span>
    670. 

  670. </pre></div>
    671. 

  671. </div>
    672. 

  672. <p class="last">If you are using this feature the page execution timer and
    673. 

  673. memory usage stats might not be perfectly accurate since they
    674. 

  674. will not take into account any further processing you do.
    675. 

  675. For an alternate way to control output <em>before</em> any of the
    676. 

  676. final processing is done, please see the available methods
    677. 

  677. in the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>.</p>
    678. 

  678. </div>
    679. 

  679. </div>
    680. 

  680. <div class="section" id="private-methods">
    681. 

  681. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Private methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#private-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    682. 

  682. <p>In some cases you may want certain methods hidden from public access.
    683. 

  683. In order to achieve this, simply declare the method as being private
    684. 

  684. or protected and it will not be served via a URL request. For example,
    685. 

  685. if you were to have a method like this:</p>
    686. 

  686. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">private</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_utility</span><span class="p">()</span>
    687. 

  687. <span class="p">{</span>
    688. 

  688.         <span class="c1">// some code</span>
    689. 

  689. <span class="p">}</span>
    690. 

  690. </pre></div>
    691. 

  691. </div>
    692. 

  692. <p>Trying to access it via the URL, like this, will not work:</p>
    693. 

  693. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">_utility</span><span class="o">/</span>
    694. 

  694. </pre></div>
    695. 

  695. </div>
    696. 

  696. <div class="admonition note">
    697. 

  697. <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
    698. 

  698. <p class="last">Prefixing method names with an underscore will also prevent
    699. 

  699. them from being called. This is a legacy feature that is left
    700. 

  700. for backwards-compatibility.</p>
    701. 

  701. </div>
    702. 

  702. </div>
    703. 

  703. <div class="section" id="organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories">
    704. 

  704. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories</a><a class="headerlink" href="#organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    705. 

  705. <p>If you are building a large application you might want to hierarchically
    706. 

  706. organize or structure your controllers into sub-directories. CodeIgniter
    707. 

  707. permits you to do this.</p>
    708. 

  708. <p>Simply create sub-directories under the main <em>application/controllers/</em>
    709. 

  709. one and place your controller classes within them.</p>
    710. 

  710. <div class="admonition note">
    711. 

  711. <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
    712. 

  712. <p>When using this feature the first segment of your URI must
    713. 

  713. specify the folder. For example, let’s say you have a controller located
    714. 

  714. here:</p>
    715. 

  715. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">controllers</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">Shoes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
    716. 

  716. </pre></div>
    717. 

  717. </div>
    718. 

  718. <p>To call the above controller your URI will look something like this:</p>
    719. 

  719. <div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">show</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
    720. 

  720. </pre></div>
    721. 

  721. </div>
    722. 

  722. </div>
    723. 

  723. <p>Each of your sub-directories may contain a default controller which will be
    724. 

  724. called if the URL contains <em>only</em> the sub-directory. Simply put a controller
    725. 

  725. in there that matches the name of your ‘default_controller’ as specified in
    726. 

  726. your <em>application/config/routes.php</em> file.</p>
    727. 

  727. <p>CodeIgniter also permits you to remap your URIs using its <a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI
    728. 

  728. Routing</span></a> feature.</p>
    729. 

  729. </div>
    730. 

  730. <div class="section" id="class-constructors">
    731. 

  731. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Class Constructors</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-constructors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    732. 

  732. <p>If you intend to use a constructor in any of your Controllers, you
    733. 

  733. <strong>MUST</strong> place the following line of code in it:</p>
    734. 

  734. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
    735. 

  735. </pre></div>
    736. 

  736. </div>
    737. 

  737. <p>The reason this line is necessary is because your local constructor will
    738. 

  738. be overriding the one in the parent controller class so we need to
    739. 

  739. manually call it.</p>
    740. 

  740. <p>Example:</p>
    741. 

  741. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
    742. 

  742. <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    743. 

  743. 

  744.         <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
    745. 

  745.         <span class="p">{</span>
    746. 

  746.                 <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
    747. 

  747.                 <span class="c1">// Your own constructor code</span>
    748. 

  748.         <span class="p">}</span>
    749. 

  749. <span class="p">}</span>
    750. 

  750. </pre></div>
    751. 

  751. </div>
    752. 

  752. <p>Constructors are useful if you need to set some default values, or run a
    753. 

  753. default process when your class is instantiated. Constructors can’t
    754. 

  754. return a value, but they can do some default work.</p>
    755. 

  755. </div>
    756. 

  756. <div class="section" id="reserved-method-names">
    757. 

  757. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Reserved method names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#reserved-method-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    758. 

  758. <p>Since your controller classes will extend the main application
    759. 

  759. controller you must be careful not to name your methods identically to
    760. 

  760. the ones used by that class, otherwise your local functions will
    761. 

  761. override them. See <a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html"><span class="doc">Reserved Names</span></a> for a full
    762. 

  762. list.</p>
    763. 

  763. <div class="admonition important">
    764. 

  764. <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
    765. 

  765. <p class="last">You should also never have a method named identically
    766. 

  766. to its class name. If you do, and there is no <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></code>
    767. 

  767. method in the same class, then your e.g. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Index::index()</span></code>
    768. 

  768. method will be executed as a class constructor! This is a PHP4
    769. 

  769. backwards-compatibility feature.</p>
    770. 

  770. </div>
    771. 

  771. </div>
    772. 

  772. <div class="section" id="that-s-it">
    773. 

  773. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">That’s it!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#that-s-it" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    774. 

  774. <p>That, in a nutshell, is all there is to know about controllers.</p>
    775. 

  775. </div>
    776. 

  776. </div>
    777. 

  777. 

  778. 

  779.           </div>
    780. 

  780.           <footer>
    781. 

  781.   
    782. 

  782.     <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
    783. 

  783.       
    784. 

  784.         <a href="reserved_names.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Reserved Names">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
    785. 

  785.       
    786. 

  786.       
    787. 

  787.         <a href="urls.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="CodeIgniter URLs"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
    788. 

  788.       
    789. 

  789.     </div>
    790. 

  790.   
    791. 

  791. 

  792.   <hr/>
    793. 

  793. 

  794.   <div role="contentinfo">
    795. 

  795.     <p>
    796. 

  796.         &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2019, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
    797. 

  797.       Last updated on Sep 19, 2019.
    798. 

  798.     </p>
    799. 

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    805. 

  805.       </div>
    806. 

  806. 

  807.     </section>
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