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  10.   <title>Transactions &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation</title>
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  15.     <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
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  100. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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  101. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
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  102. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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    127. 

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    128. 

  128. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
    129. 

  129. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
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    135. 

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    137. 

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    140. 

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    142. 

  142. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
    143. 

  143. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
    144. 

  144. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
    145. 

  145. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
    146. 

  146. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
    147. 

  147. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
    148. 

  148. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
    149. 

  149. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
    150. 

  150. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
    151. 

  151. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
    152. 

  152. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
    153. 

  153. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
    154. 

  154. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
    155. 

  155. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
    156. 

  156. </ul>
    157. 

  157. </li>
    158. 

  158. </ul>
    159. 

  159. <ul class="current">
    160. 

  160. <li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
    161. 

  161. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
    162. 

  162. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
    163. 

  163. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
    164. 

  164. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
    165. 

  165. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
    166. 

  166. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
    167. 

  167. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
    168. 

  168. <li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Transactions</a></li>
    169. 

  169. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
    170. 

  170. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
    171. 

  171. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
    172. 

  172. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
    173. 

  173. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
    174. 

  174. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
    175. 

  175. </ul>
    176. 

  176. </li>
    177. 

  177. </ul>
    178. 

  178. <ul>
    179. 

  179. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
    180. 

  180. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
    181. 

  181. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
    182. 

  182. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
    183. 

  183. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
    184. 

  184. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
    185. 

  185. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
    186. 

  186. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
    187. 

  187. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
    188. 

  188. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
    189. 

  189. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
    190. 

  190. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
    191. 

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    192. 

  192. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
    193. 

  193. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
    194. 

  194. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
    195. 

  195. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
    196. 

  196. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
    197. 

  197. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
    198. 

  198. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
    199. 

  199. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
    200. 

  200. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
    201. 

  201. </ul>
    202. 

  202. </li>
    203. 

  203. </ul>
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  205.       </div>
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  207.       
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    209. 

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  212.     <img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" title="Toggle Table of Contents" alt="Toggle Table of Contents" />
    213. 

  213.   </a>
    214. 

  214. </div>
    215. 

  215. 

  216.   <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
    217. 

  217. 

  218.     
    219. 

  219.     <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
    220. 

  220.       <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
    221. 

  221.         
    222. 

  222.           <a href="../index.html" class="fa fa-home"> CodeIgniter</a>
    223. 

  223.         
    224. 

  224.         
    225. 

  225. <div role="search">
    226. 

  226.   <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
    227. 

  227.     <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
    228. 

  228.     <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
    229. 

  229.     <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
    230. 

  230.   </form>
    231. 

  231. </div>
    232. 

  232.       </div>
    233. 

  233. 

  234.       <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
    235. 

  235.         
    236. 

  236.           
    237. 

  237.           
    238. 

  238.               <ul>
    239. 

  239. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
    240. 

  240. </ul>
    241. 

  241. <ul>
    242. 

  242. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
    243. 

  243. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
    244. 

  244. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
    245. 

  245. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
    246. 

  246. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
    247. 

  247. </ul>
    248. 

  248. </li>
    249. 

  249. </ul>
    250. 

  250. <ul>
    251. 

  251. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
    252. 

  252. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
    253. 

  253. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
    254. 

  254. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
    255. 

  255. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
    256. 

  256. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
    257. 

  257. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
    258. 

  258. </ul>
    259. 

  259. </li>
    260. 

  260. </ul>
    261. 

  261. <ul>
    262. 

  262. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
    263. 

  263. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
    264. 

  264. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
    265. 

  265. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
    266. 

  266. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
    267. 

  267. </ul>
    268. 

  268. </li>
    269. 

  269. </ul>
    270. 

  270. <ul>
    271. 

  271. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
    272. 

  272. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
    273. 

  273. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
    274. 

  274. </ul>
    275. 

  275. </li>
    276. 

  276. </ul>
    277. 

  277. <ul>
    278. 

  278. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
    279. 

  279. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
    280. 

  280. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
    281. 

  281. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
    282. 

  282. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
    283. 

  283. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
    284. 

  284. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
    285. 

  285. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
    286. 

  286. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
    287. 

  287. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
    288. 

  288. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
    289. 

  289. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
    290. 

  290. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
    291. 

  291. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
    292. 

  292. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
    293. 

  293. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
    294. 

  294. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
    295. 

  295. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
    296. 

  296. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
    297. 

  297. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
    298. 

  298. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
    299. 

  299. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
    300. 

  300. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
    301. 

  301. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
    302. 

  302. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
    303. 

  303. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
    304. 

  304. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
    305. 

  305. </ul>
    306. 

  306. </li>
    307. 

  307. </ul>
    308. 

  308. <ul>
    309. 

  309. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
    310. 

  310. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
    311. 

  311. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
    312. 

  312. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
    313. 

  313. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
    314. 

  314. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
    315. 

  315. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
    316. 

  316. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
    317. 

  317. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
    318. 

  318. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
    319. 

  319. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
    320. 

  320. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
    321. 

  321. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
    322. 

  322. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
    323. 

  323. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
    324. 

  324. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
    325. 

  325. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
    326. 

  326. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
    327. 

  327. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
    328. 

  328. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
    329. 

  329. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
    330. 

  330. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
    331. 

  331. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
    332. 

  332. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
    333. 

  333. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
    334. 

  334. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
    335. 

  335. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
    336. 

  336. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
    337. 

  337. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
    338. 

  338. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
    339. 

  339. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
    340. 

  340. </ul>
    341. 

  341. </li>
    342. 

  342. </ul>
    343. 

  343. <ul class="current">
    344. 

  344. <li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
    345. 

  345. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
    346. 

  346. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
    347. 

  347. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
    348. 

  348. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
    349. 

  349. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
    350. 

  350. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
    351. 

  351. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
    352. 

  352. <li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Transactions</a></li>
    353. 

  353. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
    354. 

  354. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
    355. 

  355. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
    356. 

  356. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
    357. 

  357. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
    358. 

  358. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
    359. 

  359. </ul>
    360. 

  360. </li>
    361. 

  361. </ul>
    362. 

  362. <ul>
    363. 

  363. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
    364. 

  364. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
    365. 

  365. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
    366. 

  366. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
    367. 

  367. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
    368. 

  368. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
    369. 

  369. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
    370. 

  370. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
    371. 

  371. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
    372. 

  372. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
    373. 

  373. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
    374. 

  374. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
    375. 

  375. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
    376. 

  376. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
    377. 

  377. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
    378. 

  378. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
    379. 

  379. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
    380. 

  380. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
    381. 

  381. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
    382. 

  382. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
    383. 

  383. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
    384. 

  384. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
    385. 

  385. </ul>
    386. 

  386. </li>
    387. 

  387. </ul>
    388. 

  388. 

  389.           
    390. 

  390.         
    391. 

  391.       </div>
    392. 

  392.       &nbsp;
    393. 

  393.     </nav>
    394. 

  394. 

  395.     <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
    396. 

  396. 

  397.       
    398. 

  398.       <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
    399. 

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    425. 

  425.   <div class="section" id="transactions">
    426. 

  426. <h1>Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
    427. 

  427. <p>CodeIgniter’s database abstraction allows you to use transactions with
    428. 

  428. databases that support transaction-safe table types. In MySQL, you’ll
    429. 

  429. need to be running InnoDB or BDB table types rather than the more common
    430. 

  430. MyISAM. Most other database platforms support transactions natively.</p>
    431. 

  431. <p>If you are not familiar with transactions we recommend you find a good
    432. 

  432. online resource to learn about them for your particular database. The
    433. 

  433. information below assumes you have a basic understanding of
    434. 

  434. transactions.</p>
    435. 

  435. <div class="section" id="codeigniter-s-approach-to-transactions">
    436. 

  436. <h2>CodeIgniter’s Approach to Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-s-approach-to-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    437. 

  437. <p>CodeIgniter utilizes an approach to transactions that is very similar to
    438. 

  438. the process used by the popular database class ADODB. We’ve chosen that
    439. 

  439. approach because it greatly simplifies the process of running
    440. 

  440. transactions. In most cases all that is required are two lines of code.</p>
    441. 

  441. <p>Traditionally, transactions have required a fair amount of work to
    442. 

  442. implement since they demand that you keep track of your queries and
    443. 

  443. determine whether to commit or rollback based on the success or failure
    444. 

  444. of your queries. This is particularly cumbersome with nested queries. In
    445. 

  445. contrast, we’ve implemented a smart transaction system that does all
    446. 

  446. this for you automatically (you can also manage your transactions
    447. 

  447. manually if you choose to, but there’s really no benefit).</p>
    448. 

  448. </div>
    449. 

  449. <div class="section" id="running-transactions">
    450. 

  450. <h2>Running Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#running-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    451. 

  451. <p>To run your queries using transactions you will use the
    452. 

  452. $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_start() and $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_complete() functions as
    453. 

  453. follows:</p>
    454. 

  454. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">();</span>
    455. 

  455. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    456. 

  456. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    457. 

  457. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AND YET ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    458. 

  458. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
    459. 

  459. </pre></div>
    460. 

  460. </div>
    461. 

  461. <p>You can run as many queries as you want between the start/complete
    462. 

  462. functions and they will all be committed or rolled back based on success
    463. 

  463. or failure of any given query.</p>
    464. 

  464. </div>
    465. 

  465. <div class="section" id="strict-mode">
    466. 

  466. <h2>Strict Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#strict-mode" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    467. 

  467. <p>By default CodeIgniter runs all transactions in Strict Mode. When strict
    468. 

  468. mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of transactions, if
    469. 

  469. one group fails all groups will be rolled back. If strict mode is
    470. 

  470. disabled, each group is treated independently, meaning a failure of one
    471. 

  471. group will not affect any others.</p>
    472. 

  472. <p>Strict Mode can be disabled as follows:</p>
    473. 

  473. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_strict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
    474. 

  474. </pre></div>
    475. 

  475. </div>
    476. 

  476. </div>
    477. 

  477. <div class="section" id="managing-errors">
    478. 

  478. <h2>Managing Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    479. 

  479. <p>If you have error reporting enabled in your config/database.php file
    480. 

  480. you’ll see a standard error message if the commit was unsuccessful. If
    481. 

  481. debugging is turned off, you can manage your own errors like this:</p>
    482. 

  482. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">();</span>
    483. 

  483. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    484. 

  484. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    485. 

  485. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
    486. 

  486. 

  487. <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_status</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
    488. 

  488. <span class="p">{</span>
    489. 

  489.         <span class="c1">// generate an error... or use the log_message() function to log your error</span>
    490. 

  490. <span class="p">}</span>
    491. 

  491. </pre></div>
    492. 

  492. </div>
    493. 

  493. </div>
    494. 

  494. <div class="section" id="disabling-transactions">
    495. 

  495. <h2>Disabling Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#disabling-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    496. 

  496. <p>If you would like to disable transactions you can do so using
    497. 

  497. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_off()</span></code>:</p>
    498. 

  498. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_off</span><span class="p">();</span>
    499. 

  499. 

  500. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">();</span>
    501. 

  501. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    502. 

  502. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
    503. 

  503. </pre></div>
    504. 

  504. </div>
    505. 

  505. <p>When transactions are disabled, your queries will be auto-committed, just as
    506. 

  506. they are when running queries without transactions, practically ignoring
    507. 

  507. any calls to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_start()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_complete()</span></code>, etc.</p>
    508. 

  508. </div>
    509. 

  509. <div class="section" id="test-mode">
    510. 

  510. <h2>Test Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#test-mode" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    511. 

  511. <p>You can optionally put the transaction system into “test mode”, which
    512. 

  512. will cause your queries to be rolled back – even if the queries produce
    513. 

  513. a valid result. To use test mode simply set the first parameter in the
    514. 

  514. $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_start() function to TRUE:</p>
    515. 

  515. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Query will be rolled back</span>
    516. 

  516. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    517. 

  517. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
    518. 

  518. </pre></div>
    519. 

  519. </div>
    520. 

  520. </div>
    521. 

  521. <div class="section" id="running-transactions-manually">
    522. 

  522. <h2>Running Transactions Manually<a class="headerlink" href="#running-transactions-manually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    523. 

  523. <p>If you would like to run transactions manually you can do so as follows:</p>
    524. 

  524. <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_begin</span><span class="p">();</span>
    525. 

  525. 

  526. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    527. 

  527. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    528. 

  528. <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AND YET ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    529. 

  529. 

  530. <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_status</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
    531. 

  531. <span class="p">{</span>
    532. 

  532.         <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_rollback</span><span class="p">();</span>
    533. 

  533. <span class="p">}</span>
    534. 

  534. <span class="k">else</span>
    535. 

  535. <span class="p">{</span>
    536. 

  536.         <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_commit</span><span class="p">();</span>
    537. 

  537. <span class="p">}</span>
    538. 

  538. </pre></div>
    539. 

  539. </div>
    540. 

  540. <div class="admonition note">
    541. 

  541. <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
    542. 

  542. <p class="last">Make sure to use $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_begin() when running manual
    543. 

  543. transactions, <strong>NOT</strong> $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_start().</p>
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