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  2. 

  3. <!DOCTYPE html>
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  4. <!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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  5. <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
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  7.   <meta charset="utf-8">
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  8.   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    9. 

  9.   
    10. 

  10.   <title>The MIT License (MIT) &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation</title>
    11. 

  11.   
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  12. 

  13.   
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  14.   
    15. 

  15.     <link rel="shortcut icon" href="_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
    16. 

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  17. 

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  19.   <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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  27.   
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  28.   
    29. 

  29.     <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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  33.         <link rel="index" title="Index"
    34. 

  34.               href="genindex.html"/>
    35. 

  35.         <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html"/>
    36. 

  36.     <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation" href="index.html"/>
    37. 

  37.         <link rel="next" title="Server Requirements" href="general/requirements.html"/>
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  38.         <link rel="prev" title="Change Log" href="changelog.html"/> 
    39. 

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  41.   <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
    42. 

  42. 

  43. </head>
    44. 

  44. 

  45. <body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
    46. 

  46. 

  47.   <div id="nav">
    48. 

  48.   <div id="nav_inner">
    49. 

  49.     
    50. 

  50.     
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  51.     
    52. 

  52.       <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
    53. 

  53.         <ul>
    54. 

  54. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
    55. 

  55. </ul>
    56. 

  56. <ul>
    57. 

  57. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
    58. 

  58. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
    59. 

  59. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
    60. 

  60. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
    61. 

  61. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
    62. 

  62. </ul>
    63. 

  63. </li>
    64. 

  64. </ul>
    65. 

  65. <ul>
    66. 

  66. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
    67. 

  67. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
    68. 

  68. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
    69. 

  69. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
    70. 

  70. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
    71. 

  71. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
    72. 

  72. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
    73. 

  73. </ul>
    74. 

  74. </li>
    75. 

  75. </ul>
    76. 

  76. <ul>
    77. 

  77. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
    78. 

  78. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
    79. 

  79. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
    80. 

  80. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
    81. 

  81. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
    82. 

  82. </ul>
    83. 

  83. </li>
    84. 

  84. </ul>
    85. 

  85. <ul>
    86. 

  86. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
    87. 

  87. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
    88. 

  88. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
    89. 

  89. </ul>
    90. 

  90. </li>
    91. 

  91. </ul>
    92. 

  92. <ul>
    93. 

  93. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
    94. 

  94. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
    95. 

  95. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
    96. 

  96. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
    97. 

  97. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
    98. 

  98. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
    99. 

  99. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
    100. 

  100. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
    101. 

  101. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
    102. 

  102. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
    103. 

  103. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
    104. 

  104. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
    105. 

  105. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
    106. 

  106. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
    107. 

  107. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
    108. 

  108. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
    109. 

  109. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
    110. 

  110. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
    111. 

  111. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
    112. 

  112. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
    113. 

  113. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
    114. 

  114. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
    115. 

  115. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
    116. 

  116. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
    117. 

  117. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
    118. 

  118. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
    119. 

  119. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
    120. 

  120. </ul>
    121. 

  121. </li>
    122. 

  122. </ul>
    123. 

  123. <ul>
    124. 

  124. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
    125. 

  125. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
    126. 

  126. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
    127. 

  127. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
    128. 

  128. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
    129. 

  129. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
    130. 

  130. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
    131. 

  131. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
    132. 

  132. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
    133. 

  133. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
    134. 

  134. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
    135. 

  135. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
    136. 

  136. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
    137. 

  137. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
    138. 

  138. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
    139. 

  139. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
    140. 

  140. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
    141. 

  141. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
    142. 

  142. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
    143. 

  143. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
    144. 

  144. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
    145. 

  145. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
    146. 

  146. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
    147. 

  147. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
    148. 

  148. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
    149. 

  149. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
    150. 

  150. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
    151. 

  151. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
    152. 

  152. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
    153. 

  153. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
    154. 

  154. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
    155. 

  155. </ul>
    156. 

  156. </li>
    157. 

  157. </ul>
    158. 

  158. <ul>
    159. 

  159. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
    160. 

  160. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
    161. 

  161. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
    162. 

  162. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
    163. 

  163. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
    164. 

  164. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
    165. 

  165. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
    166. 

  166. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
    167. 

  167. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
    168. 

  168. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
    169. 

  169. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
    170. 

  170. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
    171. 

  171. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
    172. 

  172. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
    173. 

  173. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
    174. 

  174. </ul>
    175. 

  175. </li>
    176. 

  176. </ul>
    177. 

  177. <ul>
    178. 

  178. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
    179. 

  179. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
    180. 

  180. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
    181. 

  181. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
    182. 

  182. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
    183. 

  183. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
    184. 

  184. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
    185. 

  185. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
    186. 

  186. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
    187. 

  187. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
    188. 

  188. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
    189. 

  189. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
    190. 

  190. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
    191. 

  191. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
    192. 

  192. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
    193. 

  193. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
    194. 

  194. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
    195. 

  195. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
    196. 

  196. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
    197. 

  197. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
    198. 

  198. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
    199. 

  199. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
    200. 

  200. </ul>
    201. 

  201. </li>
    202. 

  202. </ul>
    203. 

  203. 

  204.       </div>
    205. 

  205.     
    206. 

  206.       
    207. 

  207.   </div>
    208. 

  208. </div>
    209. 

  209. <div id="nav2">
    210. 

  210.   <a href="#" id="openToc">
    211. 

  211.     <img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAgAAZABkAAD/7AARRHVja3kAAQAEAAAARgAA/+4ADkFkb2JlAGTAAAAAAf/bAIQABAMDAwMDBAMDBAYEAwQGBwUEBAUHCAYGBwYGCAoICQkJCQgKCgwMDAwMCgwMDQ0MDBERERERFBQUFBQUFBQUFAEEBQUIBwgPCgoPFA4ODhQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQU/8AAEQgAKwCaAwERAAIRAQMRAf/EAHsAAQAABwEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAwQFBgcIAgkBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAEDAwICBwYEAgsAAAAAAAIBAwQAEQUSBiEHkROTVNQWGDFBUVIUCHEiMtOUFWGBobHRQlMkZIRVEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwDSC+ygkOOaUoKigUCgUCgUCgUCgUCgUCgUCgkuGguIP9FBMFb0Hqg7We+3jlmIqqYFf4ub+/QYlnOR/LqIBKGFUbf8qWv971BytQXXE7Y3Lnm3HsFhp2TaZJAdchRXpIgSpdEJWxJEW3xoKV7F5OMy7JkQn2o7D6w33XGjEAkoiqrJEqIiOIiKuhePCgqp22dyYyS3CyWHnQ5joG61HkRnmnTbaFSMhExRVQRRVJU9iUHjE7ez+fJ0MFipmUNhBV8YUd2SoIV9KkjQla9ltegttBdPLW4/qocL+UTfrMiHW4+P9M71shuyrqaHTcxsl7jegpsji8nh5ZwMvDfgTm0RTjSmjYdFCS6KoOIipdFunCgmNYTMv457MMY6U7iI6oMieDDhRm1VbIhuoOkbqtuK0Hpzb+eZcYZexUxt6UyUqK2cd0SdjtgrhOgijcgERUlJOCIl6CpgbP3blRI8XgMjNARAyKNDfeRBdFDBVUAXgQrqH4pxoJTu2NysY97LP4ac1io5q1InHFeGO24LnVKJuKOkSQ/yKir+rh7aCLG1dzypZQI2FnvTgccYOM3FeN0XWERXAUEFVQgQkUktdLpegm+Td3/Xli/L+S/mYNJIOF9G/wBeLKrZHFb0akG6W1WtQWSg3Dyg5e7V3fipE3O4/wCrktyzYA+ufas2LbZIlmnAT2kvuoN1wft95augilglX/tzP3qCu9O3LL/wV/i5v79BvmTADq14UGu91467Z6U9y0HzH/ncj/U/sT/CgynZG7I2NezpZGUjIycJkYkZSG+uQ81pbBNKLxJfjwoMqZ3/ALYHl35AJ7/cuwHcu5k7r1Q5pHetBjquqVVJWGxj9Zrtcl/Ggy3dHMvauR3HFZj5nHNxSyW5JISYDMoIwx8tFIGHZhPNaykGapr6rUAiicEoMG21lMRj8buPAz8xhJrr7uOeiPTCyAwXUaGR1mgozbTusOsFLEiJ7fbQa/h7gcjy2H3V6xppwDNtUSxCJIqp7valBuWVzJ22xuCROXNNZiJkMtms0DbjUkAZjzoDrTMd9dDRI44ZC2YsrYdKWP2WDT2S3N9dNdlRYrGMYc06IURXSYb0igrpWS485xVNS6nF4rwslkoMwnbpgZLB7bmt5uMweAhDEl4B5uSLzzqTnnyVpW2jaJHRMSIjdDiiotvy3DOE5rYTEbkl5yFn28k7JyG4c7AU2HtLH1uKfaiMPI40CdYbpNtmLdwTSn5rewLNld+7TLdeal4WarWBkbVKBjgdElMJJwAAY5fl4kB3b1fp4XvagsGS3FjJfLzDNtS8aeXx7LzT7TyzByQE5PccRGRC0ZRUDRV6y62vbjagzLmJzS2vuPK43JY6aP1TW6Jz+RIWyFtyC06y3EkiiinAo7YCqfq1AqqnGgsOH3lhZO8d1pmcpB8j5XIm9OYlBJSQ/FSS4427DKO0RC8AlcEMhFdViRR1WDWR5t3WXVuL1d106kG9vdeye2g60+1FDyW0shIcXVpyroXt8I8dfd+NB1vioAdWnD3UF1+gD4UFc6CEKpagxXN43rwJLUHz7yX2c8zokt9uHlsPIhA4aRnnHJTLptIS6CNsY7iASpxUUMkReGpfbQW0vtN5pitvrsN28rwtBD0nc0+/Yft5XhaB6TuaXfsP28rwtA9J3NPv2H7eV4Wgek7mn37D9vK8LQPSdzT79h+3leFoHpO5pd+w/byvC0D0nc0u/Yft5XhaB6TuaXfsP28rwtA9J3NLv2H7eV4Wgek7ml37D9vK8LQPSdzS79h+3leFoHpO5p9+w/byvC0E9r7Reazy2HIYVPxkS/CUHVn26cosxyv2g7h89LYmZSXOenvLEQ1YaQ222RATcQCP8rSGqqA8S02W2pQ6FhMoAIlqCtsnwoCpdKClejI4i3Sgtb+GBxVuNBSFt1pV/RQefLjPyUDy4z8lA8uM/JQPLjPyUDy4z8lA8uM/JQPLjPyUDy4z8lA8uM/JQPLjPyUDy4z8lA8utJ/koJ7WCbBU/LQXOPAFq1koK8B0pag90CggtBBf6qB0UDooHRQOigdFA6KB0UDooHRQOigdFA6KB0UDooI0EaBQf//Z" title="Toggle Table of Contents" alt="Toggle Table of Contents" />
    212. 

  212.   </a>
    213. 

  213. </div>
    214. 

  214. 

  215.   <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
    216. 

  216. 

  217.     
    218. 

  218.     <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
    219. 

  219.       <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
    220. 

  220.         
    221. 

  221.           <a href="index.html" class="fa fa-home"> CodeIgniter</a>
    222. 

  222.         
    223. 

  223.         
    224. 

  224. <div role="search">
    225. 

  225.   <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="search.html" method="get">
    226. 

  226.     <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
    227. 

  227.     <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
    228. 

  228.     <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
    229. 

  229.   </form>
    230. 

  230. </div>
    231. 

  231.       </div>
    232. 

  232. 

  233.       <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
    234. 

  234.         
    235. 

  235.           
    236. 

  236.           
    237. 

  237.               <ul>
    238. 

  238. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
    239. 

  239. </ul>
    240. 

  240. <ul>
    241. 

  241. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
    242. 

  242. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
    243. 

  243. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
    244. 

  244. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
    245. 

  245. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
    246. 

  246. </ul>
    247. 

  247. </li>
    248. 

  248. </ul>
    249. 

  249. <ul>
    250. 

  250. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
    251. 

  251. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
    252. 

  252. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
    253. 

  253. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
    254. 

  254. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
    255. 

  255. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
    256. 

  256. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
    257. 

  257. </ul>
    258. 

  258. </li>
    259. 

  259. </ul>
    260. 

  260. <ul>
    261. 

  261. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
    262. 

  262. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
    263. 

  263. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
    264. 

  264. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
    265. 

  265. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
    266. 

  266. </ul>
    267. 

  267. </li>
    268. 

  268. </ul>
    269. 

  269. <ul>
    270. 

  270. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
    271. 

  271. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
    272. 

  272. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
    273. 

  273. </ul>
    274. 

  274. </li>
    275. 

  275. </ul>
    276. 

  276. <ul>
    277. 

  277. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
    278. 

  278. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
    279. 

  279. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
    280. 

  280. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
    281. 

  281. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
    282. 

  282. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
    283. 

  283. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
    284. 

  284. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
    285. 

  285. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
    286. 

  286. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
    287. 

  287. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
    288. 

  288. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
    289. 

  289. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
    290. 

  290. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
    291. 

  291. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
    292. 

  292. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
    293. 

  293. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
    294. 

  294. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
    295. 

  295. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
    296. 

  296. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
    297. 

  297. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
    298. 

  298. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
    299. 

  299. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
    300. 

  300. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
    301. 

  301. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
    302. 

  302. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
    303. 

  303. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
    304. 

  304. </ul>
    305. 

  305. </li>
    306. 

  306. </ul>
    307. 

  307. <ul>
    308. 

  308. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
    309. 

  309. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
    310. 

  310. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
    311. 

  311. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
    312. 

  312. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
    313. 

  313. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
    314. 

  314. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
    315. 

  315. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
    316. 

  316. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
    317. 

  317. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
    318. 

  318. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
    319. 

  319. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
    320. 

  320. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
    321. 

  321. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
    322. 

  322. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
    323. 

  323. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
    324. 

  324. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
    325. 

  325. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
    326. 

  326. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
    327. 

  327. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
    328. 

  328. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
    329. 

  329. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
    330. 

  330. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
    331. 

  331. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
    332. 

  332. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
    333. 

  333. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
    334. 

  334. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
    335. 

  335. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
    336. 

  336. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
    337. 

  337. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
    338. 

  338. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
    339. 

  339. </ul>
    340. 

  340. </li>
    341. 

  341. </ul>
    342. 

  342. <ul>
    343. 

  343. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
    344. 

  344. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
    345. 

  345. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
    346. 

  346. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
    347. 

  347. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
    348. 

  348. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
    349. 

  349. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
    350. 

  350. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
    351. 

  351. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
    352. 

  352. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
    353. 

  353. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
    354. 

  354. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
    355. 

  355. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
    356. 

  356. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
    357. 

  357. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
    358. 

  358. </ul>
    359. 

  359. </li>
    360. 

  360. </ul>
    361. 

  361. <ul>
    362. 

  362. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
    363. 

  363. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
    364. 

  364. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
    365. 

  365. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
    366. 

  366. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
    367. 

  367. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
    368. 

  368. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
    369. 

  369. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
    370. 

  370. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
    371. 

  371. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
    372. 

  372. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
    373. 

  373. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
    374. 

  374. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
    375. 

  375. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
    376. 

  376. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
    377. 

  377. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
    378. 

  378. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
    379. 

  379. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
    380. 

  380. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
    381. 

  381. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
    382. 

  382. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
    383. 

  383. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
    384. 

  384. </ul>
    385. 

  385. </li>
    386. 

  386. </ul>
    387. 

  387. 

  388.           
    389. 

  389.         
    390. 

  390.       </div>
    391. 

  391.       &nbsp;
    392. 

  392.     </nav>
    393. 

  393. 

  394.     <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
    395. 

  395. 

  396.       
    397. 

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