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  3. <!DOCTYPE html>
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  4. <!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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  5. <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
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  9.   
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  10.   <title>CodeIgniter User Guide &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation</title>
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  11.   
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  15.     <link rel="shortcut icon" href="_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
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  28.   
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  29.     <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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  33.         <link rel="index" title="Index"
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  34.               href="genindex.html"/>
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  35.         <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html"/>
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  36.     <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation" href="#"/>
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  37.         <link rel="next" title="Welcome to CodeIgniter" href="general/welcome.html"/> 
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  38. 

  39.   
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  40.   <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
    41. 

  41. 

  42. </head>
    43. 

  43. 

  44. <body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
    45. 

  45. 

  46.   <div id="nav">
    47. 

  47.   <div id="nav_inner">
    48. 

  48.     
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  49.     
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  50.     
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  51.       <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
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  52.         <ul>
    53. 

  53. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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  55. <ul>
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  56. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
    57. 

  57. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
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  58. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
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  59. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
    60. 

  60. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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  65. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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  66. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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  67. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
    68. 

  68. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
    69. 

  69. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
    70. 

  70. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
    71. 

  71. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
    72. 

  72. </ul>
    73. 

  73. </li>
    74. 

  74. </ul>
    75. 

  75. <ul>
    76. 

  76. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
    77. 

  77. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
    78. 

  78. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
    79. 

  79. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
    80. 

  80. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
    81. 

  81. </ul>
    82. 

  82. </li>
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  85. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
    86. 

  86. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
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  87. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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  88. </ul>
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  89. </li>
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  91. <ul>
    92. 

  92. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
    93. 

  93. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
    94. 

  94. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
    95. 

  95. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
    96. 

  96. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
    97. 

  97. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
    98. 

  98. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
    99. 

  99. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
    100. 

  100. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
    101. 

  101. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
    102. 

  102. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
    103. 

  103. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
    104. 

  104. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
    105. 

  105. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
    106. 

  106. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
    107. 

  107. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
    108. 

  108. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
    109. 

  109. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
    110. 

  110. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
    111. 

  111. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
    112. 

  112. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
    113. 

  113. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
    114. 

  114. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
    115. 

  115. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
    116. 

  116. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
    117. 

  117. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
    118. 

  118. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
    119. 

  119. </ul>
    120. 

  120. </li>
    121. 

  121. </ul>
    122. 

  122. <ul>
    123. 

  123. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
    124. 

  124. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
    125. 

  125. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
    126. 

  126. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
    127. 

  127. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
    128. 

  128. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
    129. 

  129. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
    130. 

  130. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
    131. 

  131. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
    132. 

  132. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
    133. 

  133. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
    134. 

  134. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
    135. 

  135. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
    136. 

  136. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
    137. 

  137. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
    138. 

  138. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
    139. 

  139. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
    140. 

  140. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
    141. 

  141. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
    142. 

  142. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
    143. 

  143. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
    144. 

  144. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
    145. 

  145. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
    146. 

  146. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
    147. 

  147. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
    148. 

  148. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
    149. 

  149. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
    150. 

  150. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
    151. 

  151. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
    152. 

  152. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
    153. 

  153. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
    154. 

  154. </ul>
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  155. </li>
    156. 

  156. </ul>
    157. 

  157. <ul>
    158. 

  158. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
    159. 

  159. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
    160. 

  160. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
    161. 

  161. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
    162. 

  162. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
    163. 

  163. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
    164. 

  164. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
    165. 

  165. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
    166. 

  166. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
    167. 

  167. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
    168. 

  168. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
    169. 

  169. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
    170. 

  170. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
    171. 

  171. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
    172. 

  172. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
    173. 

  173. </ul>
    174. 

  174. </li>
    175. 

  175. </ul>
    176. 

  176. <ul>
    177. 

  177. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
    178. 

  178. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
    179. 

  179. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
    180. 

  180. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
    181. 

  181. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
    182. 

  182. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
    183. 

  183. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
    184. 

  184. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
    185. 

  185. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
    186. 

  186. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
    187. 

  187. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
    188. 

  188. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
    189. 

  189. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
    190. 

  190. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
    191. 

  191. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
    192. 

  192. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
    193. 

  193. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
    194. 

  194. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
    195. 

  195. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
    196. 

  196. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
    197. 

  197. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
    198. 

  198. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
    199. 

  199. </ul>
    200. 

  200. </li>
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  201. </ul>
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  205.       
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  206.   </div>
    207. 

  207. </div>
    208. 

  208. <div id="nav2">
    209. 

  209.   <a href="#" id="openToc">
    210. 

  210.     <img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" title="Toggle Table of Contents" alt="Toggle Table of Contents" />
    211. 

  211.   </a>
    212. 

  212. </div>
    213. 

  213. 

  214.   <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
    215. 

  215. 

  216.     
    217. 

  217.     <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
    218. 

  218.       <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
    219. 

  219.         
    220. 

  220.           <a href="#" class="fa fa-home"> CodeIgniter</a>
    221. 

  221.         
    222. 

  222.         
    223. 

  223. <div role="search">
    224. 

  224.   <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="search.html" method="get">
    225. 

  225.     <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
    226. 

  226.     <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
    227. 

  227.     <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
    228. 

  228.   </form>
    229. 

  229. </div>
    230. 

  230.       </div>
    231. 

  231. 

  232.       <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
    233. 

  233.         
    234. 

  234.           
    235. 

  235.           
    236. 

  236.               <ul>
    237. 

  237. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
    238. 

  238. </ul>
    239. 

  239. <ul>
    240. 

  240. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
    241. 

  241. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
    242. 

  242. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
    243. 

  243. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
    244. 

  244. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
    245. 

  245. </ul>
    246. 

  246. </li>
    247. 

  247. </ul>
    248. 

  248. <ul>
    249. 

  249. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
    250. 

  250. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
    251. 

  251. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
    252. 

  252. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
    253. 

  253. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
    254. 

  254. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
    255. 

  255. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
    256. 

  256. </ul>
    257. 

  257. </li>
    258. 

  258. </ul>
    259. 

  259. <ul>
    260. 

  260. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
    261. 

  261. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
    262. 

  262. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
    263. 

  263. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
    264. 

  264. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
    265. 

  265. </ul>
    266. 

  266. </li>
    267. 

  267. </ul>
    268. 

  268. <ul>
    269. 

  269. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
    270. 

  270. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
    271. 

  271. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
    272. 

  272. </ul>
    273. 

  273. </li>
    274. 

  274. </ul>
    275. 

  275. <ul>
    276. 

  276. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
    277. 

  277. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
    278. 

  278. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
    279. 

  279. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
    280. 

  280. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
    281. 

  281. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
    282. 

  282. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
    283. 

  283. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
    284. 

  284. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
    285. 

  285. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
    286. 

  286. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
    287. 

  287. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
    288. 

  288. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
    289. 

  289. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
    290. 

  290. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
    291. 

  291. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
    292. 

  292. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
    293. 

  293. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
    294. 

  294. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
    295. 

  295. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
    296. 

  296. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
    297. 

  297. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
    298. 

  298. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
    299. 

  299. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
    300. 

  300. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
    301. 

  301. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
    302. 

  302. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
    303. 

  303. </ul>
    304. 

  304. </li>
    305. 

  305. </ul>
    306. 

  306. <ul>
    307. 

  307. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
    308. 

  308. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
    309. 

  309. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
    310. 

  310. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
    311. 

  311. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
    312. 

  312. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
    313. 

  313. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
    314. 

  314. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
    315. 

  315. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
    316. 

  316. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
    317. 

  317. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
    318. 

  318. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
    319. 

  319. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
    320. 

  320. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
    321. 

  321. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
    322. 

  322. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
    323. 

  323. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
    324. 

  324. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
    325. 

  325. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
    326. 

  326. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
    327. 

  327. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
    328. 

  328. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
    329. 

  329. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
    330. 

  330. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
    331. 

  331. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
    332. 

  332. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
    333. 

  333. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
    334. 

  334. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
    335. 

  335. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
    336. 

  336. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
    337. 

  337. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
    338. 

  338. </ul>
    339. 

  339. </li>
    340. 

  340. </ul>
    341. 

  341. <ul>
    342. 

  342. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
    343. 

  343. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
    344. 

  344. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
    345. 

  345. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
    346. 

  346. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
    347. 

  347. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
    348. 

  348. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
    349. 

  349. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
    350. 

  350. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
    351. 

  351. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
    352. 

  352. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
    353. 

  353. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
    354. 

  354. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
    355. 

  355. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
    356. 

  356. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
    357. 

  357. </ul>
    358. 

  358. </li>
    359. 

  359. </ul>
    360. 

  360. <ul>
    361. 

  361. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
    362. 

  362. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
    363. 

  363. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
    364. 

  364. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
    365. 

  365. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
    366. 

  366. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
    367. 

  367. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
    368. 

  368. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
    369. 

  369. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
    370. 

  370. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
    371. 

  371. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
    372. 

  372. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
    373. 

  373. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
    374. 

  374. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
    375. 

  375. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
    376. 

  376. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
    377. 

  377. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
    378. 

  378. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
    379. 

  379. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
    380. 

  380. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
    381. 

  381. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
    382. 

  382. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
    383. 

  383. </ul>
    384. 

  384. </li>
    385. 

  385. </ul>
    386. 

  386. 

  387.           
    388. 

  388.         
    389. 

  389.       </div>
    390. 

  390.       &nbsp;
    391. 

  391.     </nav>
    392. 

  392. 

  393.     <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
    394. 

  394. 

  395.       
    396. 

  396.       <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
    397. 

  397.         <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
    398. 

  398.         <a href="#">CodeIgniter</a>
    399. 

  399.       </nav>
    400. 

  400. 

  401. 

  402.       
    403. 

  403.       <div class="wy-nav-content">
    404. 

  404.         <div class="rst-content">
    405. 

  405.           <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
    406. 

  406.   <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
    407. 

  407.     <li><a href="#">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
    408. 

  408.       
    409. 

  409.     <li>CodeIgniter User Guide</li>
    410. 

  410.     <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
    411. 

  411.       
    412. 

  412.     </li>
    413. 

  413.     <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
    414. 

  414.       <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
    415. 

  415.     </div>
    416. 

  416.   </ul>
    417. 

  417.   <hr/>
    418. 

  418. </div>
    419. 

  419.           <div role="main" class="document">
    420. 

  420.             
    421. 

  421.   <div class="section" id="codeigniter-user-guide">
    422. 

  422. <h1>CodeIgniter User Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
    423. 

  423. <ul class="simple">
    424. 

  424. <li><a class="reference internal" href="license.html"><span class="doc">License Agreement</span></a></li>
    425. 

  425. <li><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html"><span class="doc">Change Log</span></a></li>
    426. 

  426. </ul>
    427. 

  427. <div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
    428. 

  428. <ul class="simple">
    429. 

  429. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#welcome" id="id1">Welcome</a></li>
    430. 

  430. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-info" id="id2">Basic Info</a></li>
    431. 

  431. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#installation" id="id3">Installation</a></li>
    432. 

  432. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id4">Introduction</a></li>
    433. 

  433. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#tutorial" id="id5">Tutorial</a></li>
    434. 

  434. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#contributing-to-codeigniter" id="id6">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a></li>
    435. 

  435. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-topics" id="id7">General Topics</a></li>
    436. 

  436. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#library-reference" id="id8">Library Reference</a></li>
    437. 

  437. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#database-reference" id="id9">Database Reference</a></li>
    438. 

  438. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#helper-reference" id="id10">Helper Reference</a></li>
    439. 

  439. </ul>
    440. 

  440. </div>
    441. 

  441. <div class="section" id="welcome">
    442. 

  442. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Welcome</a><a class="headerlink" href="#welcome" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    443. 

  443. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    444. 

  444. <ul>
    445. 

  445. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
    446. 

  446. </ul>
    447. 

  447. </div>
    448. 

  448. </div>
    449. 

  449. <div class="section" id="basic-info">
    450. 

  450. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Basic Info</a><a class="headerlink" href="#basic-info" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    451. 

  451. <ul class="simple">
    452. 

  452. <li><a class="reference internal" href="general/requirements.html"><span class="doc">Server Requirements</span></a></li>
    453. 

  453. <li><a class="reference internal" href="general/credits.html"><span class="doc">Credits</span></a></li>
    454. 

  454. </ul>
    455. 

  455. </div>
    456. 

  456. <div class="section" id="installation">
    457. 

  457. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Installation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#installation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    458. 

  458. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    459. 

  459. <ul>
    460. 

  460. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
    461. 

  461. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
    462. 

  462. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
    463. 

  463. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
    464. 

  464. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
    465. 

  465. </ul>
    466. 

  466. </li>
    467. 

  467. </ul>
    468. 

  468. </div>
    469. 

  469. </div>
    470. 

  470. <div class="section" id="introduction">
    471. 

  471. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Introduction</a><a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    472. 

  472. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    473. 

  473. <ul>
    474. 

  474. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
    475. 

  475. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
    476. 

  476. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
    477. 

  477. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
    478. 

  478. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
    479. 

  479. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
    480. 

  480. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
    481. 

  481. </ul>
    482. 

  482. </li>
    483. 

  483. </ul>
    484. 

  484. </div>
    485. 

  485. </div>
    486. 

  486. <div class="section" id="tutorial">
    487. 

  487. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Tutorial</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    488. 

  488. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    489. 

  489. <ul>
    490. 

  490. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
    491. 

  491. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
    492. 

  492. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
    493. 

  493. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
    494. 

  494. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
    495. 

  495. </ul>
    496. 

  496. </li>
    497. 

  497. </ul>
    498. 

  498. </div>
    499. 

  499. </div>
    500. 

  500. <div class="section" id="contributing-to-codeigniter">
    501. 

  501. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><a class="headerlink" href="#contributing-to-codeigniter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    502. 

  502. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    503. 

  503. <ul>
    504. 

  504. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
    505. 

  505. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
    506. 

  506. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
    507. 

  507. </ul>
    508. 

  508. </li>
    509. 

  509. </ul>
    510. 

  510. </div>
    511. 

  511. </div>
    512. 

  512. <div class="section" id="general-topics">
    513. 

  513. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">General Topics</a><a class="headerlink" href="#general-topics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    514. 

  514. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    515. 

  515. <ul>
    516. 

  516. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
    517. 

  517. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
    518. 

  518. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
    519. 

  519. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
    520. 

  520. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
    521. 

  521. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
    522. 

  522. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
    523. 

  523. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
    524. 

  524. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
    525. 

  525. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
    526. 

  526. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
    527. 

  527. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
    528. 

  528. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
    529. 

  529. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
    530. 

  530. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
    531. 

  531. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
    532. 

  532. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
    533. 

  533. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
    534. 

  534. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
    535. 

  535. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
    536. 

  536. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
    537. 

  537. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
    538. 

  538. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
    539. 

  539. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
    540. 

  540. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
    541. 

  541. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
    542. 

  542. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
    543. 

  543. </ul>
    544. 

  544. </li>
    545. 

  545. </ul>
    546. 

  546. </div>
    547. 

  547. </div>
    548. 

  548. <div class="section" id="library-reference">
    549. 

  549. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Library Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#library-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    550. 

  550. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    551. 

  551. <ul>
    552. 

  552. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
    553. 

  553. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
    554. 

  554. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
    555. 

  555. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
    556. 

  556. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
    557. 

  557. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
    558. 

  558. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
    559. 

  559. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
    560. 

  560. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
    561. 

  561. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
    562. 

  562. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
    563. 

  563. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
    564. 

  564. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
    565. 

  565. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
    566. 

  566. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
    567. 

  567. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
    568. 

  568. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
    569. 

  569. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
    570. 

  570. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
    571. 

  571. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
    572. 

  572. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
    573. 

  573. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
    574. 

  574. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
    575. 

  575. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
    576. 

  576. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
    577. 

  577. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
    578. 

  578. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
    579. 

  579. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
    580. 

  580. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
    581. 

  581. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
    582. 

  582. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
    583. 

  583. </ul>
    584. 

  584. </li>
    585. 

  585. </ul>
    586. 

  586. </div>
    587. 

  587. </div>
    588. 

  588. <div class="section" id="database-reference">
    589. 

  589. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Database Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#database-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    590. 

  590. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    591. 

  591. <ul>
    592. 

  592. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
    593. 

  593. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
    594. 

  594. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
    595. 

  595. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
    596. 

  596. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
    597. 

  597. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
    598. 

  598. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
    599. 

  599. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
    600. 

  600. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
    601. 

  601. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
    602. 

  602. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
    603. 

  603. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
    604. 

  604. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
    605. 

  605. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
    606. 

  606. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
    607. 

  607. </ul>
    608. 

  608. </li>
    609. 

  609. </ul>
    610. 

  610. </div>
    611. 

  611. </div>
    612. 

  612. <div class="section" id="helper-reference">
    613. 

  613. <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Helper Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#helper-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
    614. 

  614. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    615. 

  615. <ul>
    616. 

  616. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
    617. 

  617. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
    618. 

  618. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
    619. 

  619. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
    620. 

  620. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
    621. 

  621. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
    622. 

  622. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
    623. 

  623. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
    624. 

  624. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
    625. 

  625. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
    626. 

  626. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
    627. 

  627. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
    628. 

  628. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
    629. 

  629. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
    630. 

  630. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
    631. 

  631. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
    632. 

  632. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
    633. 

  633. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
    634. 

  634. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
    635. 

  635. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
    636. 

  636. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
    637. 

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